Set of probes for the detection and typing of 46 human papillomavirus mucosal types

ABSTRACT

We have developed a set of probes to detect and identify 46 types of mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPV). These probes recognize the variable region comprised between the 2 conserved regions of the published GP5+/GP6+ set of PCR primers. The 46 probes have been shown to hybridize, as intended, to the DNA derived from the following HPV types: 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91 and 97. The hybridization of each probe is specific for each type without any cross hybridization among types and it is sensitive enough to allow detection of PCR products for genotyping of HPV DNA contained in clinical samples.

PRIOR APPLICATION INFORMATION

The instant application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/296,245 filed Jan. 19, 2010

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to reagents and methods for genotyping human papillomaviruses (HPV). In particular, the present invention relates to testing clinical samples for the type of HPV infection using a multiplex assay based on PCR amplification and detection using microspheres.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Human papillomaviruses cause ubiquitous infectious of the keratinised epithelia of the skin and of the mucosae. About 120 HPV types have been characterized so far, which differ in prevalence, epidemiology and clinical manifestations (de Villiers et al., 2004). In particular, mucosal types infect the keratinised epithelia of the genital, anal and oro-pharyngeal mucosae (Muñoz et al., 2003; Muñoz and Bosch, 1997; Van Ranst et al, 1992; Chan et al., 1995, D'Souza et al., 2007, Bosh et al., 2008). Mucosal HPVs are most commonly transmitted by sexual contact, and infect sexually active people with a very high prevalence. It is estimated that the lifetime incidence of HPV infection in women is 80% (Bekkers at al., 2004), and the overall prevalence of active infection worldwide varies form 1.4% to 25% (Clifford at al, 2005).

Although the vast majority of infections are benign and self-limiting, a subset of “high risk” HPV types have the potential to cause persistent infection that may progress to malignant transformation and invasive cancer (Muñoz et al., 2003). Cervical cancer is the most common HPV-associated malignancy and it is now clear that HPV is a necessary cause of virtually all cervical cancers (Bosch and Muñoz, 2002; zur Hausen, 2002, Bosch et al., 2002; Muñoz et al., 2003; Walboomers et al., 1999, Smith et al, 2007). HPV associated malignancies are also found in the anal canal (Melbye and Sprogel, 1991; Palefsky et al., 1991), vulva (Buscema et al., 1988), the penis (Gregoire et al., 1995; Iwasawa et al., 1993), oro-pharyngeal mucosae and other head and neck tissues (D'Souza, et al., 2007; Mork et al., 2001; Gillison et al., 2000; Syrjanen, 2005).

Since HPV infection is necessary for the development of virtually all cervical cancers, detection of high risk HPV types is being considered as a screening method for cervical cancer, alongside, or even in substitution of, traditional cytological screening using the Papanicolau methods (pap test), with the promise of improving the sensitivity and cost effectiveness of cervical cancer screening programs (Cuzik et al., 2008; Cuzick et al., 2003; Ronco et al., 2006; Schiffman et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2005; Davies et al., 2006; Mayrand et al., 2006; Cuzik et al., 2006).

Two type-specific HPV vaccines (Gardasil, from Merck-Frosst for types 16, 18, 6 and 11; Cervarix form Glaxo-Smith-Kline for types 16 and 18) have recently been developed and clinical trials have shown that they are extremely effective in preventing both persistent infection with HPV and the dysplastic changes in the cervical epithelium that lead to malignant transformation (Koutsky et al., 2002; Villa et al., 2005; Harper et al., 2004; Harper et al., 2006). However, since vaccines are type-specific it is important to know the distribution of the various HPV types in a population, as well as to have a surveillance system in place to monitor vaccine efficacy and unexpected shifts in the frequency of HPV types not covered by the vaccines.

It is therefore expected that the routine use of type-specific tests for HPV will become more widespread, outside their current use in epidemiological studies for research purposes.

Currently, typing of HPV requires amplification by various PCR methods, followed by detection of specific sequences using either direct sequencing of the PCR products, RFLP methods (many methods have been described in the literature, for example Lungo et al., 1992; Menzo et al., 2008, Nobre et al., 2008; Santiago et al., 2006), Southern blot or dot blot using specific probes (for example Gregoire et al., 1989; Josefsson et al., 1999), reverse line hybridization (Gravitt et al., 1998; Kleter et al., 1999; van der Brule et al., 2002; Melchers et al, 1999), DNA microarray methods (Min et al., 2006; Albrecht et al, 2006; Choi et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2004; Hwang eta la., 2003; Oh et al., 2004; Nuovo et al., 2008), and others (for example Nishiwaki et al., 2008; Dell'Atti, 2007; Gao et al., 2003; Gharizadeh et al., 2007; Han et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2005; Liu et al, 2003; Zhang et al, 2003). In particular, reverse line blot methods have been validated and have been used extensively for epidemiological studies. Two leading commercial genotyping methods, InnoLiPA (van Hamont, 2006) and Roche linear array (Coutlee et al., 2006), are based on the reverse hybridization technology. The Roche Linear Array genotyping kit as been approved by FDA and it is the leading commercial genotyping method. However, these methods are not suitable for high throughput testing and they rely on a subjective visual assessment of band intensity for determining the results.

The xMAP technology developed by Luminex (Austin, Tex., USA) is based on microspheres that can be produced in 100 different “colours” depending on they ratio of two spectrally distinct fluorophores coupled to the microspheres. The different colours can be recognized by flow cytometers and the different type of microspheres can be enumerated and analyzed for the presence of specific bound ligands. This technology has been the basis for a variety of multiplex assays for serology, genotyping and other analytical applications. A description of the Luminex technology and a list of publications can be found at the Luminex web site.

Each type of microsphere can be coupled with a specific ligand, e.g. with DNA probes specific for each type of HPV in this work, and mixed together to form a multiplex assay. The PCR products derived from HPV samples are labelled with biotin and mixed with the beads carrying the probes, so that HPV DNA will hybridize with the cognate probe. The flow cytometer will then sort the different “coloured” microspheres and determine which type carries the fluorescence due to the HPV DNA. The computer software driving the flow cytometer will indicate which beads are fluorescent, thereby identifying the HPV type(s) present in the sample. The advantages of this method is the low cost per assay, the possibility of automation for a high throughput assay, and the flexibility derived from the possibility of adding or removing types of microspheres depending on the need of the assay or on the discovery of new types. Several microsphere-based multiplex assay for HPV genotyping have been published. The method by Wallace et al. (2005) is a multiplex microsphere assay with probes for 45 mucosal HPV. However, formal validation was performed for only a few types and only 20 types were detected from clinical samples, without independent validation of the genotyping result. The method published by Oh et al. (2007) detects 15 HPV types and it has been validated against a 132 clinical samples. A 56 sample comparison with a DNA microarray genotyping method is also shown. The method, by Schmitt et al. (2006), has been carefully validated with HPV plasmids and clinical samples and covers the 22 most common mucosal HPV types. The method by Jiang et al. (2006) describes specific probes for 26 HPV mucosal types. Validation was performed with synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to the probes and with a limited number of clinical samples. A commercial method developed by Qiagen (Hilden, Germany) is able to type 18 HPV high-risk using a proprietary set of primers, followed by detection using a Luminex system. At least one study comparing this Luminex Qiagen test to a reverse line blot hybridization has been published (Seme et al., 2009).

Herein, we report the design of novel HPV type-specific probes and the development of a microsphere multiplex assay that can detect 46 different mucosal types in a single reaction. In addition the unique probe set, compared to the previous method we introduce 2 innovations: i) the use of longer probes (30 mers) to provide for a greater specificity for variants and closely related types; ii) the production of single stranded DNA products by selective digestion of the PCR products with exonuclease, which produces a greater signal to noise ratio, making a washing step unnecessary.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have described a set of 46 DNA probes and a PCR amplification method for the detection of 46 mucosal HPV types using the Luminex xMAP technology. This technology uses a mixture of sortable microsphere coupled to the specific HPV probes, so that all the 46 types can be detected simultaneously in one reaction tube.

Our data shows that all the probes are sensitive and specific for the detection of the 46 HPV types, without cross-hybridization. This conclusion is supported by the use of reference DNA from the 46 types and an extensive validation using direct sequencing as a gold standard for the identification of the HPV types.

Amplified DNAs from at least 32 HPV types can be detected simultaneously and precisely by this Luminex method.

Comparison with a leading commercial HPV typing method, the Roche Linear Array, confirms that the NML Luminex method is suitable for the identification of HPV types in clinical samples containing 3 or less HPV types. However, the PCR amplification method is less efficient in amplifying DNA from samples with multiple infections containing 4 or more HPV types. This is a problem caused by the PCR amplification method and not by the set of probes or the Luminex detection system. The less efficient amplification in multiple infections is a significant problems for HPV types 52, 53, 61, 73 84 and 89 but not for the major oncogenic HPV types, which are most important in epidemiology and clinical practice.

When samples with 4 or more HPV types are excluded, detection by NML Luminex and Roche Linear array are equivalent. Therefore, use of the NML Luminex method on populations with high frequency of multiple infections (such as HIV patients, men who have sex with men or sex workers) will lead to an underestimation of the prevalence with certain types. On the contrary, use of the NML Luminex method on a general population of women, where the prevalence of infections with 4 or more types is negligible, will produce accurate prevalence results for most types.

The NML Luminex HPV genotyping method has the advantage of detecting almost all genital HPV types and of being very sensitive thanks to the nested PCR method. The Luminex xMAP technology allows for a very quick, hands-off reading of the samples and an objective computational interpretation of the results. Because our method has no washing steps or visual reading steps, it is easily amenable to automation.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of detecting and typing a human papillomavirus (HPV) type infection in a sample comprising:

a) providing a sample suspected of comprising at least one HPV type;

b) adding to the sample primers suitable for amplifying the L1 region of HPV;

c) incubating the sample under conditions suitable for DNA amplification;

d) adding at least one probe having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-46, said probe binding to only one HPV type under hybridization conditions, each said at least one probe further comprising a unique tag;

e) incubating said probe and said sample under conditions suitable for hybridization; and

f) detecting hybridization of at least one said tagged probe.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-46.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4 or 5.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID. NOs: 4, 5 and 17.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27 and 29.

According to a seventh aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 40 and 46.

According to an eighth aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1—Preliminary hybridization tests using 20 mer probes for HPV 6 and HPV 16—A mixture of two types of microspheres coupled with 20 mer probes for HPV 6 and 16 (as described in Table 1) were hybridized with the indicated volume of PCR reaction (panel A and B), with a 20 mer oligonucleotide exactly complementary to the HPV 16 probe (panel C), or with an unrelated PCR product (β-globin DNA).

FIG. 2—Position of the probes for the 46 HPV types considered in this submission. The alignment of the L1 region comprised between the GP5+/GP6+ primers is shown. The positions of the primers in indicated by the boxes while the probe sequences are in bold and underlined. Shown are probes for HPV 6 (SEQ ID NO: 231), HPV 11 (SEQ ID NO: 232): HPV 13 (SEQ ID NO: 233), HPV 16 (SEQ ID NO: 234), HPV 18 (SEQ ID NO: 235), HPV 26 (SEQ ID NO: 236), HPV 30 (SEQ ID NO: 237), HPV 31 (SEQ ID NO: 238), HPV 32 (SEQ ID NO: 239), HPV 33 (SEQ ID NO: 240), HPV 35 (SEQ ID NO: 241), HPV 39 (SEQ ID NO: 242), HPV 40 (SEQ ID NO: 243), HPV 42 (SEQ ID NO: 244), HPV 43 (SEQ ID NO: 245), HPV 44 (SEQ ID NO: 246), HPV 45 (SEQ ID NO: 247), HPV 51 (SEQ ID NO: 248), HPV 52 (SEQ ID NO: 249), HPV 53 (SEQ ID NO: 250), HPV 54 (SEQ ID NO: 251), HPV 56 (SEQ ID NO: 252), HPV 58 (SEQ ID NO: 253), HPV 59 (SEQ ID NO: 254), HPV 61 (SEQ ID NO: 255), HPV 62 (SEQ ID NO: 256), HPV 66 (SEQ ID NO: 257), HPV 67 (SEQ ID NO: 258), HPV 68 (SEQ ID NO: 259), HPV 69 (SEQ ID NO: 260), HPV 70 (SEQ ID NO: 261), HPV 71 (SEQ ID NO: 262), HPV 72 (SEQ ID NO: 263), HPV 73 (SEQ ID NO: 264), HPV 74 (SEQ ID NO: 265), HPV 81 (SEQ ID NO: 266), HPV 82 (SEQ ID NO: 267), HPV 83 (SEQ ID NO: 268), HPV 84 (SEQ ID NO: 269), HPV 85 (SEQ ID NO: 270), HPV 86 (SEQ ID NO: 271), HPV 87 (SEQ ID NO: 272), HPV 89 (SEQ ID NO: 273), HPV 90 (SEQ ID NO: 274), HPV 91 (SEQ ID NO: 275) and HPV 97 (SEQ ID NO: 276).

FIG. 3—Effect of T7 exonuclease digestion of nested PCR products on hybridization to Luminex beads. HPV 16 DNA was amplified by MY09/My11 and GP5+/GP6+ nested PCR, as described above, and the products were digested with T7 exonuclease for the indicated times. After digestion, the PCR products were hybridized to Luminex beads carrying the HPV 16 probe and detected as described above. The GP6+ primer contained a 5′ biotin moiety, for detection by the Luminex technology, and phosphorothioate bonds in the first 4 nucleotides on the 5′, to protect this strand from the action of the T7 exonuclease. The black bar and the white bar represent the fluorescence signals of a negative sample and of a sample containing a biotylinated oligonucleotide complementary to the HPV 16 probe.

FIG. 4—Graphic representation of the data of Table 4—The probes are on the right axis and the HPV DNAs on the left axis. The vertical axis represents the fluorescence read for each microsphere carrying a specific HPV probe. The bars on the diagonal represent the hybridization of HPV DNA type with the intended cognate probe.

FIG. 5—Simultaneous detection of multiple HPV types—Samples containing DNA from increasing numbers of HPV types were prepared as described in the text and then detected by the NML Luminex method as described. The number of types in each sample is indicated in the leftmost column. The second column from the left indicates what additional HPV type was added to the mixture. A “+” sign indicates a positive result (over 50 FU). The asterisks indicate false positive or false negative results.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned hereunder are incorporated herein by reference.

DNA probes comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1 through 46 were generated according to the specific sequences of 46 types of genital HPV, namely type 6 (SEQ ID NO: 1), 11 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 13 (SEQ ID NO: 3), 16 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 18 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 26 (SEQ ID NO: 6), 30 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 31 (SEQ ID NO: 8), 32 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 33 (SEQ ID NO: 10), 35 (SEQ ID NO: 11), 39 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 40 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 42 (SEQ ID NO: 14), 43 (SEQ ID NO: 15), 44 (SEQ ID NO: 16), 45 (SEQ ID NO: 17), 51 (SEQ ID NO: 18), 52 (SEQ ID NO: 19), 53 (SEQ ID NO: 20), 54 (SEQ ID NO: 21), 56 (SEQ ID NO: 22), 58 (SEQ ID NO: 23), 59 (SEQ ID NO: 24), 61 (SEQ ID NO: 25), 62 (SEQ ID NO: 26), 66 (SEQ ID NO: 27), 67 (SEQ ID NO: 28), 68 (SEQ ID NO: 29), 69 (SEQ ID NO: 30), 70 (SEQ ID NO: 31), 71 (SEQ ID NO: 32), 72 (SEQ ID NO: 33), 73 (SEQ ID NO: 34), 74 (SEQ ID NO: 35), 81 (SEQ ID NO: 36), 82 (SEQ ID NO: 37), 83 (SEQ ID NO: 38), 84 (SEQ ID NO: 39), 85 (SEQ ID NO 40), 86 (SEQ ID NO: 41), 87 (SEQ ID NO: 42), 89 (SEQ ID NO: 43), 90 (SEQ ID NO: 44), 91 (SEQ ID NO: 45) and 97 (SEQ ID NO: 46). In order to make each probe sensitive and specific, the probes were tested in a multiplex assay as described below. Probes that in these tests did not hybridize to the intended HPV type or that cross-hybridized to other types were re-designed, sometimes repeatedly, until all probes hybridized to unique HPV type DNA. Accordingly, each respective probe binds specifically to only one specific HPV genome or HPV type. The history of the probe design is shown in Table 2.

For the multiplex assay, each probe was conjugated to one of 46 types of fluorescent microspheres, each with different ratios of red and infrared fluorophores, according to the manufacturers instructions. The micropsheres produced by Luminex Corp. are colour coded with a combination of two fluorescence dyes into 100 different sets that can be recognized and counted by a flow cytometer using a red laser. The flow cytometer can also detect a reporter dye bound to any set of beads using a separate green laser. For this embodiment, 46 sets of beads were selected and each set was coupled to a unique 30mer oligonucleotide probe designed to hybridize sensitively and specifically to one of 46 types of genital HPV DNA, amplified as described below. The 46 sets of beads were mixed to constitute a multiplex reaction that could detect any combination of the 46 types of HPV DNA present in clinical specimens.

The probes were designed to amplify the region comprised between the PCR amplification primers GP5+/GP6+. This region is 141 bp long for HPV 16 (nucleotides 6624 to 6764, GenBank accession no. AF125673), but varies in length slightly depending on the HPV type. GP5+/GP6+ are general primers that amplify the DNA from most HPV types. Published primers sets MY09/MY11 and primer set PGMY are also general primers which amplify most genital HPV types. They are situated outside the GP+/GP6+ region and therefore they can be used for a nested PCR reaction with the GP5+/GP6+ primers, in order to improve the sensitivity and the spectrum of HPV types that can be amplified, especially when multiple types are present in the same sample.

Using these primers, HPV DNA from clinical samples was amplified and then treated with T7 exonuclease to produce a single stranded, biotin labelled DNA complementary to the probes coupled to the microspheres. The single stranded HPV DNA and the tagged microspheres were then co-incubated, so that the HPV DNA could bind to its cognate probe on the microspheres. Streptavidin conjugated to the fluorophore phycoerythrine was then added. Streptavidin binds tightly to biotin conferring phycoerythrine fluorescence to those microsphere that are bound to HPV DNA. The samples were then analyzed by flow cytometry which provided an analysis of the numbers of each type of bound microspheres and their level of phycoerythrine fluorescence. High phycoerythrine fluoresce on specific beads indicates the presence of HPV DNA of specific types.

In addition to the multiplex assay for 46 HPV types, the microspheres can be mixed in different combinations to test separately only for HPV types contained in vaccines (HPV type 6 (SEQ ID NO: 1), 11 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 16 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and 18 (SEQ ID NO: 5)), or to test for the most malignant HPV types (HPV types 16 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 18 (SEQ ID NO: 5) and 45 (SEQ ID NO: 17)), or for the most common HPV types (HPV type 16 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 18 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 31 (SEQ ID NO: 8), 33 (SEQ ID NO: 10), 35 (SEQ ID NO: 11), 39 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 45 (SEQ ID NO: 17), 51 (SEQ ID NO: 18), 52 (SEQ ID NO: 19), 56 (SEQ ID NO: 22), 58 (SEQ ID NO: 23), 59 (SEQ ID NO: 24), 66 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and 68 (SEQ ID NO: 29)), or to test for all oncogenic HPV types (HPV type 26 (SEQ ID NO: 6), 16 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 18 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 30 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 31 (SEQ ID NO: 8), 33 (SEQ ID NO: 10), 0.35 (SEQ ID NO: 11), 39 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 45 (SEQ ID NO: 17), 51 (SEQ ID NO: 18), 52 (SEQ ID NO: 19), 53 (SEQ ID NO: 20), 56 (SEQ ID NO: 22), 58 (SEQ ID NO: 23), 59 (SEQ ID NO: 24), 66 (SEQ ID NO: 27), 67 (SEQ ID NO: 28), 68 (SEQ ID NO: 29), 69 (SEQ ID NO: 30), 70 (SEQ ID NO: 31), 73 (SEQ ID NO: 34), 82 (SEQ ID NO: 37), 85 (SEQ ID NO: 40), and 97 (SEQ ID NO: 46)), or to test only for non-oncogenic (low risk) types (6 (SEQ ID NO: 1), 11 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 32 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 40 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 42 (SEQ ID NO: 14), 43 (SEQ ID NO: 15), 44 (SEQ ID NO: 16), 54 (SEQ ID NO: 21), 61 (SEQ ID NO: 25), 62 (SEQ ID NO: 26), 66 (SEQ ID NO: 27), 67 (SEQ ID NO: 28), 68 (SEQ ID NO: 29), 69 (SEQ ID NO: 30), 70 (SEQ ID NO: 31), 72 (SEQ ID NO: 33), 74 (SEQ ID NO: 35), 81 (SEQ ID NO: 36), 83 (SEQ ID NO: 38), 84 (SEQ ID NO: 39), 86 (SEQ ID NO: 41), 87 (SEQ ID NO: 42), 89 (SEQ ID NO: 43), 90 (SEQ ID NO: 44) and 91 (SEQ ID NO: 45)).

In accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a series of DNA probes that can be used in conjunction with DNA amplification techniques to genotype various strains of HPV.

In a second embodiment of the invention, the series of DNA probes that can be used in a multiplexed format assay to simultaneously detect multiple strains of HPV

In a third embodiment of the invention, the DNA probes can be used with other detection systems including Southern or Northern blots, reverse line blot hybridization, DNA microarray or ELISA, or other such systems as will be obvious to those skilled in the art.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of detecting and typing a human papillomavirus (HPV) type infection in a sample comprising:

a) providing a sample suspected of comprising at least one HPV type;

b) adding to the sample primers suitable for amplifying the L1 region of HPV;

c) incubating the sample under conditions suitable for DNA amplification;

d) adding at least one probe having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-46, said probe binding to only one

HPV type under hybridization conditions, each said at least one probe further comprising a unique tag;

e) incubating said probe and said sample under conditions suitable for hybridization; and

f) detecting hybridization of at least one said tagged probe.

As discussed herein, the sample may contain more than one HPV type and the ‘at least one probe’ may be a set of probes comprising or consisting of respective probes having nucleotide sequences as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-46 and a unique tag or identification tag which uniquely identifies the respective probe. For example, all probes having a nucleotide sequence as set forth according to SEQ ID NO: 1 will have the same tag as will all probes having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.

As discussed herein, the hybridization conditions are sufficiently stringent that the probe will bind only to the target DNA. For example, the hybridization conditions may be sufficiently stringent for hybridization of two strands to occur only if there is 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more consecutive nucleotides having an exact match.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the probes consisting of nucleotide sequences as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-46 and a unique tag can be used together or in any sub-combination thereof in a multiplex assay to specifically type HPV types in a given sample. Specifically, because each probe has a unique tag associated therewith, hybridization of a respective probe to a DNA molecule within the sample indicates the presence of the corresponding HPV type in that sample. The probe set is unique in that the probes do not cross-hybridize, as discussed below.

In some embodiments, at least one probe may refer to a mixture of probes, each representative probe of said mixture having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4 or 5 or as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5 or 17 or as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27 or 29 or as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 40 or 46 or as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 or 45.

The unique tag is a combination of two fluorescent dyes.

The unique tag is a combination of different ratios of red and infra-red fluorophores, as discussed herein.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-46.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4 or 5. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, additional probes having sequences as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 6-46 and any combination thereof may be added to the probe set.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID. NOs: 4, 5 and 17.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27 and 29.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 40 and 46.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a set of probes for detection and typing human papilloma virus (HPV) types, each said probe of said set hybridizing to only one HPV type under hybridizing conditions, each said probe of said set consisting of a unique tag and a nucleotide sequence as set forth in one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45.

EXAMPLES Oligonucleotides

Oligonucleotides were synthesized at the DNA Core Section of the National Microbiology Laboratory. The probes carried a 5′ C₁₂ amino linker modification for coupling to the carboxyl group of the Luminex microspheres. The MY09, MY11, GP5+ and the modified GP6+ primer for the PCR amplification of HPV DNA, were purchased from Invitrogen (Burlington ON, Canada).

PCR amplification

HPV DNA from plasmid or clinical specimens was amplified by a nested PCR method using the MY09/MY11 primers for the first step (Manos et al., 1989) and GP5+/GP6+ primers for the second step (Roda Husman et al., 1995). For optimal amplification of clinical samples with multiple HPV types, PGMY primers were used for the first step (Gravitt et al, 2000). The GP6+ primer carried the following modification: i) a 5′ biotin label to be used as a ligand for the streptavidin-PE for detection of PCR products (See below); ii) the first 4 nucleotides on the 5′ end were linked by phosphorothioate bonds to confer resistance to the action of the bacteriophage T7 gene 6 exonuclease (See below and in the result section). PCR amplification was performed in 1×PCR Buffer (Invitrogen, Cat #10342-020) in the presence of 4 mM MgCl₂, 200 μM of dNTP (Invitrogen, Cat#10297-018), 0.2 mM of each primer and 1.25 U of Amplitaq Gold polymerase (Applied Biosystem, Cat #4311816). The first round of nested PCR amplification with the MY09/MY11 primers started with a 5 min initial denaturation step at 94° C., followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing at 55° C. for 30 seconds and elongation at 72° C. for 60 seconds, followed by a 7 min final extension at 72° C. Amplification with PGMY primers was carried out for 40 cycles (denaturation at 94° C. for 30 sec, annealing 55° C. for 30 sec, elongation 72° C. for 30 sec) in the presence of 6 mM MgCl₂, 200 μM dNTPs and 0.6 μM each of the 18 primers comprising the PGMY mixture (Gravitt et al., 2000). One to 5 (typically 2) μL of this reaction were used for the second round of amplification with GP5+/GP6+ primers under the following conditions: 5 min initial denaturation at 94° C., followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 40° C. for 20 seconds and 72° C. for 30 seconds, followed by a 7 min final extension at 72° C. One-step PCR with GP5+/GP6+ primers was conducted under the following conditions: a 5 min initial denaturation at 94° C. followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 40° C. for 20 seconds and 72° C. for 30 seconds followed by a 7 min final extension at 72° C.

Digestion of PCR Products with T7 Exonuclease

After PCR, the GP5+ strand complementary to the biotinylated strand, was removed by digestion with T7 genes exonuclease, a 5′-3′ processive exonuclease. The other strand was protected from the action of T7 exonuclease by the 4 phosphorothioate bonds on the 5′ (Nikiforov et al, 1994). This digestion produced a single stranded, biotin labelled DNA complementary to the probes coupled to the Luminex beads and it was performed by adding T7 exonuclease (New New England Biolabs, Cat# M0263L) to PCR products at a final concentration of 0.4 U/μl. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.5M EDTA at a final concentration of 12.5 μl of 0.5M EDTA.

Preparation of Microspheres

Microspheres labelled with different ratios of red and infrared fluorophores were purchased from Luminex (Austin, Tex., USA, Cat #L100-CXXX-01) and coupled to HPV type-specific probes carrying a 5′ amino modification that reacts with the carboxyl groups on the microspheres following the instruction of the manufacturer with minor modifications. Briefly, the microsphere stock (Luminex) was vortexed vigorously then an aliquot containing 5.0×10⁶ microspheres from each set was placed in a separate 1.5 ml microfuge tube, resuspended in a in a sonicating water bath (Branson) and centrifuged at 14000×g for 2 min. The supernatant was removed and the microshperes were resuspended in 50 μl of 0.1 M 2-N-morpholinoethansulfonic acid (MES) (Sigma Cat #M-2933) at a pH of 4.5. Then 1 μl of a 1 mM solution of the appropriate type of amino substituted oligonucleotide was added to a different set of microspheres and 2.54 of a 10 mg/mL solution of 1-Ethyl-3-3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide HCl (EDC) (Fisher Cat #22980) were added to each tube. The tubes were vortexed and, after an incubation of 30 min at RT in the dark, 2.5 μL of 10 mg/ml EDC were added to each tube and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. After the second incubation period 1 ml of 0.02% Tween 20 (Sigma Cat # P-9416) was added and the tubes were centrifuged for 2 minutes at 14,000×g. The supernatant was removed and 1 ml of 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was added to the microsphere pellet, the tubes were vortexed and then microcentrifuged for 2 minute at 14,000×g. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was resuspended in 100 μl of TE. The microspheres coupled to the probes were stored in the dark at 4° C. for a maximum of 6 months.

Luminex Assay

For the Luminex assay typically 15 microspheres/ul of each set were mixed in a reaction mixture. Exonuclease-digested PCR products were placed in a 96 well PCR microplate (Fisher, Cat # CS006509) in a total volume of 17 ul and sealed with a 96 well sealing cover (Fisher, Cat # CS006555). The microplate was incubated at 95° C. for 10 minutes to denature the DNA and 33 μL of the microsphere mix was added. The samples were incubated at the hybridization temperature of for 10 min and, after addition of 25 μl of a 0.04 mg/ul solution of streptavidine-phycoerythrin (Invitrogen Cat # S-866) in 1× tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) (Sigma, Cat # T-3411) was added to the samples and incubated for 5 more minutes at 60° C. Samples were analyzed on a Luminex Liquid Chip 200 flow cytometer using the Luminex IS software. The analysis was carried out at 60° C. with a maximum volume of 50 μL of sample and a minimum count of 100 microspheres per type, with a setting of 8,300 and 16,500 for the lower and upper gate, respectively.

Example 1 Design and Selection of Probes

The probes were targeted at the region of the L1 gene comprised between the GP5+/GP6+ primers (Roda Husman et al., 1995). This is a relatively poorly conserved region bracketed by two conserved regions were the GP5+/GP6+ primers bind. The length of this segment varies slightly among different types and, for example, it is 141 bp long in HPV16, corresponding to nt 6624 to 6764 of the sequence published by Flores et al., 1999 (GenBank accession no. AF125673).

Previous literature on the use of Luminex Xmap technology for detecting DNA sequence typically reported the use of 20 nt long probes. We therefore designed first 20 nt long probes, using the ArrayDesigner computer software (Premier BioSoft International) (Table 1), but preliminary experiments with probes and DNA from HPV type 6 and 16 showed that these probes were not sensitive for the detection of HPV DNA under our conditions. As shown in FIG. 1, DNA amplified from HPV 6 and HPV 16 clones failed to hybridize to the microsphere carrying the cognate 20 mer probe (Pane A and B). A biotylinated oliginucleotide exactly complementary to the HPV 16 probe did produce a considerable fluorescence of the HPV 16 microsphere but it also non-specifically increased the fluorescence of the HPV 6 microsphere (panel C).

Therefore, the probes were then re-designed as 30mers by adding 10 nt to the left or the right of the original probe. Longer probes also provide greater specificity and a better chance of discriminating among closely related HPV types or variants, for example HPV16 and HPV 31. This initial set or 30mers contained numerous unsuitable probes, either because they were cross-reactive (poor specificity) or because they were not binding efficiently to the intended target (poor sensitivity), or both. Unsuitable probes were redesigned typically by shifting their position 10 nucleotides to the right or to the left along the variable region of the GP5+/GP6+ fragment. This process was repeated until all probes were both specific and sensitive for the intended target. Attempts to predict the efficiency and specificity of the probes or to weed out probes with hairpins or other cross-reactive sequences proved ineffectual, because often probes behaved in an unexpected manner.

The history of the development of the probes is shown of Table 2, while the final sets of probes used for this method is shown on Table 3. FIG. 2 shows the location of the probes on the aligned sequences of the 46 HPV types covered by this method.

Example 2 Effect of Exonuclease

Simple denaturation of the double-stranded PCR products followed by hybridization to the probes on the microspheres produced a fluorescence signal that was much lower compared to the signal produced by hybridizing the microspheres to biotin-labelled single-stranded oligonucleotides (FIG. 3). We suspected that rehybridization of the long strands of the PCR products might have been thermodynamically more favourable than the hybridization of the GP6+ strand to the short (30 nt) probe physically constrained on the microsphere. We therefore decided to remove the non-labelled strand of the PCR product using bacteriophage T7 gene 6 exonuclease, according to the method described earlier (Nikiforov et al., 1994). T7 exonulease is a 5′→3′ processive enzyme that rapidly degrades one of the strand on a duplex DNA molecule (Kerr and Sadowski, 1972). In order to protect the GP6+ strand, carrying the biotin label, and selectively digest only GP5+ strand, the first 4 nucleotides at the 5′ end of the molecule were modified to include phosphorothioate bonds between the deoxyribose moieties, instead of the usual phosphodiester bonds. This chemical modification is known to inhibit the action of T7 exonuclease, that can no longer digest the DNA molecule starting from such modified end (Nikiforov et al., 1994).

Optimal digestion conditions were determined by incubating 40 units of T7 exonuclease with 100 ul of PCR product for various times, and then measuring the fluorescence on the Luminex system. These experiments, like the one showed in FIG. 3 determined that an incubation of 40 minutes is optimum for the sensitivity of the test and increased the fluorescence signal by about 2 fold.

Example 3 Typing of HPV

Specificity and sensitivity for each type was determined by adding PCR product from a known source of HPV, clones carrying the whole HPV genome, when available, or clones of the MY region of the genome amplified by PCR form clinical samples or synthesized using published genomic sequences (see Material and methods for a complete list). All clones were confirmed by direct sequencing and comparison with published HPV sequences.

Using the PCR amplification method, exonuclease digestion and microsphere hybridization described above, amplified HPV DNA from each type was hybridized to a mixture of the 46 types of microspheres carrying the 46 specific HPV probes. After hybridization, the microsphere mixture was analyzed by the Luminex LiquidChip 200 flow cytometer. Four negative controls, containing only host cell DNA, were run alongside the samples. The average background fluorescence of each bead in the controls was subtracted from the fluorescence of each bead of the samples. This type of background correction is necessary because different bead types may have different background fluorescence. This corrections avoids the need for a bead washing step, used in other Luminex procedures (Wallace et al., 2005; Oh et al., 2007; Schmitt et al., 2006; Jiang et al., 2006; Seme et al., 2009). A fluorescence signal greater than 100 FU after correction was chosen as threshold for positivity.

The complete results of are shown in Table 4, where each column represents the fluorescence associated with the microsphere carrying the probe for the indicated HPV type in the presence of the HPV DNA of the types indicated on the leftmost column. FIG. 4 shows the same results in graphic format. It can be seen that all the 46 probes strongly hybridize with the corresponding HPV DNA, but not with HPV DNA of different types. It should be noted that in the particular experiment shown in Table 4 and FIG. 4, the microsphere for HPV 89 also shows fluorescence above the 100 FU threshold level in the presence of HPV 44 DNA (513 FU), the microsphere for HPV 72 in the presence HPV 81 DNA (118 FU) and the microsphere for HPV 44 in the presence of HPV 86 DNA (391 FU). This should be interpreted as random fluctuations, rather than systematic cross-reactivity, because the abnormal fluorescence reading was not reproducible in other experiments. This corresponds to a false positive rate of 3/1980 measurements or 0.15%. To avoid false positives, clinical samples are tested in duplicate and the measurement is repeated if the duplicates give discordant results.

We then tested the ability of the Luminex method to detect infections with multiple types in the same sample, by amplifying DNAs from different HPV types separately and then mixing them together in a single Luminex detection reaction. The amount of DNA per type was kept constant, to simulate the situation of clinical samples, in which a mixture of different DNA is amplified to the maximum capacity of the PCR reaction, regardless of the number of types present. The results are presented in FIG. 5, that shows that at least 30 different types can be detected simultaneously with minimal cross hybridization. Some false negatives and false positives are however present. The false negatives are probably due to the fact that the fluorescence for each HPV type is low when many types are present and therefore some microsphere may fall under the 50 FU that was established as positivity threshold. False positive for HPV 72 are due to fluctuation in the background fluorescence of this microsphere.

Example 4 Validation Using Clinical Samples—Direct Sequencing

Validation against clinical samples was performed by comparing the results of the NML Luminex genotyping method with direct sequencing of the amplified products. Because direct sequencing identifies any HPV type without misclassification, this is a further test of the specificity of the probes of the NML Luminex assay.

Seven hundred seventy five samples were amplified by nested PCR as described above and the products were typed with the NML Luminex method. The same samples were amplified separately by nested PCR and run on an agarose gel to determine the presence of HPV DNA. Positive samples were sent for sequencing at the NML DNA Core facility, using GP5+ and GP6+ primers to sequence both strands of the amplified products. The assembled sequenced was compared against GenBank sequences using BLAST (Altschul et al., 1990). Type identification required a nucleotide identity greater that 90% on a fragment of at least 60 nucleotide in length.

The results presented in Table 5, show that the two methods were 97.7% concordant for the detection of HPV, regardless of type. The sensitivity and specificity of the NML Luminex method vs direct sequencing, taken as a gold standard, were 98.8% (97.1-99.6, 95% CI) and 96.4% (96.4-93.8, 95% CI), respectively.

When positive identification of HPV type is taken into consideration, the direct sequencing method could not determine the sequence of 34 positive samples, 32 of which were typed by the NML Luminex method. There was no agreement on the HPV type detected for 13 out of 429 samples positive with both methods (3.3%). The NML Luminex method detected a total of 793 HPV types, vs 577 for direct sequencing. This discrepancy is due to the fact that direct sequencing cannot detect multiple HPV types present in the same sample.

A breakdown of HPV types detected by the two methods is presented in Table 6.

From the validation against the direct sequencing method, it is impossible to establish if the extra types detected by the NML Luminex assay are due to better sensitivity for multiple infections or to poor specificity.

Example 5 Validation Using Clinical Samples—Comparison to Roche Linear Assay

Therefore we compared the performance of the NML Luminex assay using the Roche LinearArray HPV genotyping method as the gold standard. The Linear Array kit can detect 37 different genotypes and its amplification system, based on the PGMY primers, is particularly efficient in amplifying multiple types. Linear Array is FDA approved and it is one of the standard methods used in the literature on HPV epidemiology.

For this comparison we used a set of 880 samples that were tested for HPV at the National Microbiology Laboratory in parallel by the Roche Linear Array kit, according to the instruction of the manufacturer, and by the NML Luminex genotyping method.

The Linear Array probe for HPV 52 cross-reacts with HPV type 33, 35 and 58. Therefore all Linear Array HPV 52 results were confirmed by real time PCR specific for HPV 52 as previously described (Coutlee et al., 2007). Linear Array contains a probe designated HPV 55, but according to the latest classification of HPVs (de Villier et al, 2004) the type 55 is considered a variant of HPV 44 and HPV 55 has been removed. Therefore in this work we used the HPV 44 designation. Roche Linear Array probes IS39 and CP6108 recognize types more recently designated as HPV 82 and HPV 89 respectively. The more recent designation was used in this work.

Table 7 shows a comparison of the NML Luminex with Roche linear array for the detection of positive samples for any HPV type. Discordant results are 7% overall and 5.2% of discordant samples tested positive with the NML Luminex but not with the linear array. This is due to the greater sensitivity of the nested PCR used for the NML Luminex method and to the detection of HPV types not present on the linear array set of probes.

Table 8 shows the comparison of the NML Luminex method with the Roche Linear array for the detection of all HPV types and multiple infections. The Roche Linear array detected considerably more types of HPV (1111 vs. 917), due to the better performance in samples with high numbers of multiple infections. This reduced performance for multiple infections is not due is not a problem with the Luminex detection system, which can detect at least 32 different types simultaneously, as shown above (FIG. 5), but it is a shortcoming of the PCR amplification step, which is less efficient when a mixture of different types is present. Table 9 shows the comparison results for the individual types. Apart from the types not detected by the Roche Linear Array (HPV 13, 32, 74, 85, 86, 87, 90 and 91) the detection of HPV types 52, 53, 61, 73 84 and 89 was statistically significantly more sensitive (X² test) in the Roche linear Array, while the detection of HPV type 67 was more sensitive in the NML Luminex.

Table 10 shows the results after exclusion of samples with multiple infections with 4 or more types, as determined by the Roche linear array. This Table shows a much better concordance between NML Luminex and Roche Linear Array with respect of total number of types detected (535 vs 534, respectively) and type breakdown. In addition to the types not detected by the Roche Linear Array, only type 52 (better detection for Linear Array) and type 67 (better detection for NM Luminex) are now significantly different.

While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be recognized and understood that various modifications may be made therein, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications which may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.

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TABLE 1 Sequences SEQ Sequence ID Definition Probe Sequence NO: HPV 6 ACCACACGCAGTACCAACAT 47 HPV 6 CATGCGTCATGTGGAAGAGT 48 HPV11 ATGCGCCATGTGGAGGAGTT 49 HPV11 TGGTAGATACCACACGCAGT 50 HPV13 TGACTGTGTGTGCAGCCACT 51 HPV13 GTTGATACTACACGCAGTAC 52 HPV16 ACCTACGACATGGGGAGGAA 53 HPV16 ATGTCATTATGTGCTGCCAT 54 HPV18 CAGTCTCCTGTACCTGGGCA 55 HPV18 AGATACCACTCCCAGTACCA 56 HPV26 CCTGTGTTGATACCACCCGC 57 HPV26 CAGCATCTGCATCCACTCCA 58 HPV30 TGGACACCACTAGGAACACA 59 HPV30 ATCTGCAACCACACAAACGT 60 HPV31 TGTCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATT 61 HPV31 AGATACCACACGTAGTACCA 62 HPV32 ATCTACGCCATGCAGAGGAA 63 HPV32 ACTGTTGTGGATACTACCCG 64 HPV33 TGGTAGATACCACACGCAGT 65 HPV33 GCACACAAGTAACTAGTGAC 66 HPV34 CCACAAGTACAACTGCACCA 67 HPV34 ACCTCAGACATGCAGAAGAG 68 HPV35 TGTCTGTGTGTTCTGCTGTG 69 HPV35 AGGCATGGTGAAGAATATGA 70 HPV39 ACTGTTGTGGACACTACCCG 71 HPV39 TACCAGGCACGTGGAGGAGT 72 HPV40 ATGTGCTGCCACACAGTCCC 73 HPV40 TTTGCGTCATGGGGAGGAGT 74 HPV42 GCCACTGCAACATCTGGTGA 75 HPV42 ACTGTGGTTGATACTACCCG 76 HPV44 GTGCTGCCACTACACAGTCC 77 HPV44 CATGCGACATGTTGAGGAGT 78 HPV45 GTGGACACTACCCGCAGTAC 79 HPV45 GTGCCAAGTACATATGACCC 80 HPV47 TTACTCTCAGGCAGGGGACA 81 HPV47 GTCACAGTTGTAGACAACAC 82 HPV51 GCACTGCCACTGCTGCGGTT 83 HPV51 AGGCATGGGGAAGAGTATGA 84 HPV52 ACCTTCGTCATGGCGAGGAA 85 HPV52 TGGATACCACTCGTAGCACT 86 HPV53 ACTCTTTCCGCAACCACACA 87 HPV53 TGTTGTGGATACCACCAGGA 88 HPV54 GCTACAGCATCCACGCAGGA 89 HPV54 CAGTTGTAGATACCACCCGT 90 HPV56 ACCTTAGACATGTGGAGGAA 91 HPV56 CTGCTACAGAACAGTTAAGT 92 HPV58 GGTTGATACCACTCGTAGCA 93 HPV58 TGCACTGAAGTAACTAAGGA 94 HPV59 ACTACTCGCAGCACCAATCT 95 HPV59 ATGCCAGACATGTGGAGGAA 96 HPV61 CCGTTGTGGATACCACCCGC 97 HPV61 TTGCGCCATACAGAGGAGTT 98 HPV62 TGTACCGCCTCCACTGCTGC 99 HPV62 TTTGCGACACACGGAGGAAT 100 HPV66 ACACACGCCATGTAGAGGAA 101 HPV66 ACCAGAAGCACCAACATGAC 102 HPVG7 ACACGTAGTACCAACATGAC 103 HPV67 ACCTTAGACATGTGGAAGAA 104 HPV68 TTGTGGATACAACGCGCAGT 105 HPV68 CAGACTCTACTGTACCAGCT 106 HPV69 ACCCGCAGTACCAACCTCAC  107 HPVG9 GCACAATCTGCATCTGCCAC 108 HPV70 TCTGCCTGCACCGAAACGGC 109 HPV70 ACTGTGGTGGACACTACACG 110 HPV71 ATGTCCATCTGTGCTACCAA 111 HPV71 ACAGTTGTGACACATCACGT 112 HPV72 ACTGCCACAGCGTCCTCTGT 113 HPV72 ATCTTCGCCACACTGAGGAA 114 HPV73 GGTACACAGGCTAGTAGCTC 115 HPV73 CTACAACGTATGCCAACTCT 116 HPV74 ACCTCACAATCGCCTTCTGC 117 HPV74 TGGATACCACACGCAGTACT 118 HPV82 GCACTGCTGTTACTCCATCT 119 HPV82 AGCAGTACATTAGGCATGGG 120 HPV82 GCACTGCTGCTACTCCATCA 121 HPV82 GCACAGACATTCACTCCAAC 122 HPV83 GCTGCTGCTACACAGGCTAA 123 HPV83 ACCTCCGCCACACAGAGGAA 124 HPV84 AGATACCACCCGCAGCACCA 125 HPV84 AGTGCTGCTACCAACACCGA 126 HPV85 ACACACGCCATGTAGAGGAA 127 HPV85 ACTGTGGTAGACACAACACG 128 HPV85 AGTGCCGCTACCCAGAAGGC 129 HPV86 TCGACACCACCCGCAGTACT 130 HPV87 TGCTGCCACTCAAACAACCA 131 HPV87 CGGTTGTTGATACTACTCGC 132 HPV89 GTGCTGCTTCCCAGTCTGGC 133 HPV89 ACCACCCGTAGTACCAACCT 134 HPV91 TGTGGATACAACTCGCAGCA 135 HPV91 GCATCCACTGAGTCTGTGCT 136

TABLE 2 History of Probe Development HPV BEAD SEQ TYPE OLIGO SEQUENCE 5′ TO 3′ DNA SOURCE # COMMENTS ID NO: 6 ACTACACGCAGTACCAACATGACATTATGT PLASMID 50 low hybridization 137 CGTAACTACATCTTCCACATACACCAATTC PLASMID 50 no hybridization 138 CAACATGACATTATGTGCATCCGTAACTAC PLASMID 50 no hybridization 139 CATGACATTATGTGCATCCGTAACTACATCTTC PLASMID 50 no hybridization 140 CATCTTCCACATACACCAATTCTGATTATA PLASMID 50 ok 1 TCCGTAACTACATCTTCCACATACACCAAT PLASMID 50 no hybridization 141 11 ACTATGTGCATCTGTGTCTAAATCTGCTAC PLASMID 13 good 2 13 AGCCACTACATCATCTCTTTCAGACACATA PLASMID 34 no hybridization 142 TAACATGACTGTGTGTGCAGCCACTACATC PLASMID 34 no hybridization 143 GTGTGTGCAGCCACTACATCATCTCTTTCA PLASMID 34 no hybridization 3 GTGTGTGCAGCCACTACATCATCTCTTTCA PLASMID 34 good 3 16 GCCATATCTACTTCAGAAACTACATATAAA PLASMID 98 no hybridization 144 AAATATGTCATTATGTGCTGCCATATCTAC PLASMID 98 no hybridization 4 ATGTCATTATGTGCTGCCATATCTACTTCA PLASMID 98 cross hybridization  145 with 62 GTCATTATGTGCTGCCATATCTACTTCAGA PLASMID 98 cross hybridization 146 GCCATATCTACTTCAGAAACTACATATAAA PLASMID 98 no hybridization 147 18 ATATGTGCTTCTACACAGTCTCCTGTACCT PLASMID 15 good 5 AACAATATGTGCTTCTACACAGTCTCCTGT PLASMID 15 cross hybridization 148 TCCTGTACCTGGGCAATATGATGCTACCAA PLASMID 15 cross hybridization 149 TATGTGCTTCTACACAGTCTCCTGTACCTG PLASMID 15 no hybridization 150 TATGTGCTTCTACACAGTCTCCTGTACCTG PLASMID 15 no hybridization 150 26 CCTTACCATTAGTACATTATCTGCAGCATC PLASMID 5 good 6 AACCTTACCATTAGTACATTATCTGCAGCA PLASMID 5 no hybridization 151 ACATTATCTGCAGCATCTGCATCCACTCCA PLASMID 5 good 152 30 ATCTGCAACCACACAAACGTTATCCACATA PLASMID 53 good 7 CCACACAAACGTTATCCACATATAATTCAA PLASMID 40 no hybridization 153 GACTATATCTGCAACCACACAAACGTTATC PLASMID 40 no hybridization 154 ATCTGCAACCACACAAACGTTATCCACATA PLASMID 40 no hybridization 155 31 AAGTAGTAATTTTAAAGAGTATTTAAGACA PLASMID 55 no hybridization 156 ATGTCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATTGCAAACAGT PLASMID 55 no hybridization 157 CAATATGTCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATTGCAAA PLASMID 55 low hybridization 8 CAATATGTCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATTGCAAA PLASMID 25 no hybridization 8 CAATATGTCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATTGCAAA PLASMID 25 no hybridization 8 AACAGTGATACTACATTTAAAAGTAGTAAT PLASMID 25 no hybridization 158 TCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATTGCAAACAGTGAT PLASMID 25 no hybridization 159 GCAATTGCAAACAGTGATACTACATTTAAA PLASMID 55 no hybridization 160 32 ACTGTAACAACTGAAGACACATACAAGTCT Test Sample 4330 36 good 9 7 CACCAACACCATATGACAATAGTAAGTTTA Test Sample 3228 33 take out not mucosal 161 33 TAGTGACAGTACATATAAAAATGAAAATTT PLASMID 58 cross hybridization 162 TAATATGACTTTATGCACACAAGTAACTAG PLASMID 30 ok 10 GCACACAAGTAACTAGTGACAGTACATATA PLASMID 58 no hybridization 163 GTGACAGTACATATAAAAATGAAAATTTTA PLASMID 30 ok 164 34 TAGGTACACAATCCACAAGTACAACTGCAC PLASMID 37 no dna sample 165 35 TGTCTGTGTGTTCTGCTGTGTCTTCTAGTG Test Sample 4498 30 no hybridization 166 GTGTCTTCTAGTGACAGTACATATAAAAAT Test Sample 4498 30 no hybridization 167 AACCCGTAGTACAAATATGTCTGTGTGTTC Test Sample 4498 77 no hybridization 168 AAATATGTCTGTGTGTTCTGCTGTGTCTTC Test Sample 4498 77 good 11 TCTGCTGTGTCTTCTAGTGACAGTACAATA Test Sample 4498 77 no hybridization 169 39 CTTTACATTATCTACCTCTATAGAGTCTTC Test Sample 4317 25 low hybridization 170 AGAGTCTTCCATACCTTCTACATATGATCC Test Sample 4317 25 low hybridization 171 CCGTAGTACCAACTTTACATTATCTACCTC PLASMID 76 cross hybridization 172 CAACTTTACATTATCTACCTCTATAGAGTC PLASMID 76 no hybridization 173 ATCTACCTCTATAGAGTCTTCCATACCTTC PLASMID 76 good 12 CTACCTCTATAGAGTCTTCCATACCTTTCT Test Sample 4317 76 dna sample no good 174 40 GTCCCCCACACCAACCCCATATAATAACAG TEST SAMPLE 3343 38 cross hybridization 175 CTTATGTGCTGCCACACAGTCCCCCACACC TEST SAMPLE 3343 38 ok 13 ACCCCATATAATAACAGTAATTTCAAGGAA TEST SAMPLE 3343 38 cross hybridization 176 ACAGTCCCCCACACCAACCCCATATAATAA TEST SAMPLE 3343 38 cross hybridization 177 42 TCTGGTGATACATATACAGCTGCTAATTTT test sample 42 multiple infection 14 ACATCTGGTGATACATATACAGCTGCTAAT none 42 cross hybridization 178 CACTGCAACATCTGGTGATACATATACAGC Test Sample 3398 42 dna sample not good 179 43 AAACTTAACGTTATGTGCCTCTACTGACCC none 64 waiting 15 TGACCCTACTGTGCCCAGTACATATGACAA none 64 cross hybridization 180 TGCAAAGTTTAAGGAATACCTGCGGCA none 64 cross hybridization 181 44 GCCACTACACAGTCCCCTCCGTCTACATAT PLASMID 3 no hybridization 182 GACAATATGTGCTGCCACTACACAGTCCCC PLASMID 10 ok 183 AAACATGACAATATGTGCTGCCACTACACA PLASMID 10 good 16 AATATGTGCTGCCACTACACAGTCCCCTCC PLASMID 10 cross hybridization 184 45 TAATTTAACATTATGTGCCTCTACACAAAA PLASMID 18 good 17 TAACATTATGTGCCTCTACACAAAATCCTG Plasmid 18 no hybridization 185 CTCTACACAAAATCCTGTGCCAAGTACATA PLASMID 18 low hybridization 186 51 TTAACTATTAGCACTGCCACTGCTGCGGTT Test Sample 98066 28 no hybridization 187 GCCACTGCTGCGGTTTCCCCACATTTACTC Test Sample 98066 28 no hybridization 18 TTTAACTATTAGCACTGCCACTGCTGCGGT Test Sample 98066 28 no hybridization 188 TAGCACTGCCACTGCTGCGGTTTCCCCAAC Test Sample 98066 28 no hybridization 189 52 CACAGTTGTGGATACCACTCGTAGCACTAA PLASMID 23 no hybridization 190 AAAAGGAAAGCACATATAAAAATGAAAATT PLASMID 23 no hybridization 191 CACTGCTAGCACTAACATGACTTTATGTGC PLASMID 8 no hybridization 192 CATGACTTTATGTGCTGAGGTTAAAAAGGA PLASMID 8 no hybridization 193 AGCACATATAAAAATGAAAATTTTAAGGAA PLASMID 8 no hybridization 194 GACTTTATGTGCTGAGGTTAAAAAGGAAAG PLASMID 8 no hybridization 19 AAAAGGAAAGCACATATAAAAATGAAAATT PLASMID 8 no hybridization 195 GAGGTTAAAAAGGAAAGCACATATAAAAAT PLASMID 8 cross hybridization 196 53 GATCTCTTTCCGCAACCACACAGTCTATGT PLASMID 44 no hybridization 197 53 CTCTTTCCGCAACCACACAGTCTATGTCTA PLASMID 44 no hybridization 198 53 CTACATATAATTCAAAGCAAATTAAACAGT PLASMID 44 no hybridization 199 53 CGCAACCACACAGTCTATGTCTACATATAA PLASMID 44 good 20 54 ACAGCATCCACGCAGGATAGCTTTAATAAT Plasmid 65 good 21 56 AGTTAAGTAAATATGATGCACGAAAAATTA PLASMID 35 cross hybridization 200 56 GTACTGCTACAGAACAGTTAAGTAAATATG PLASMID 35 no hybridization 201 56 TAGAAGTACTAACATGACTATTAGTACTGC PLASMID 35 no hybridization 202 56 CATGACTATTAGTACTGCTACCAGAACAGT PLASMID 35 good 22 58 TGCACTGAAGTAACTAAGGAAGGTACATAT Test Sample 98028 43 no hybridization 203 58 CACTAATATGACATTATGCACTGAAGTAAC Test Sample 98028 43 some cross hybridization 204 58 ATGACATTATGcAcTGAAGTAAcTAAGGAA Test Sample 98028 43 good 23 58 ACTAAGGAAGGTACATATAAAAATGATAAT Test Sample 98028 43 no hybridization 205 59 ctttctgtgtgtgcttctactacttcttct PLASMID 60 good 24 significant amounts of 206 59 ACTACTCGCAGCACCAATCTTTCTGTGTGT PLASMID 60 cross hybridization 61 CATTTGTACTGCTACATCCCCCCCTGTATC PLASMID good 25 61 TAATTTAACCATTTGTACTGCTACATCCCC Plasmid 46 no hybridization 207 61 AACCATTTGTACTGCTACATCCCCCCCTGT PLASMID 46 low hybridization 208 62 ACCGCCTCCACTGCTGCAGCAGAATACACG Test sample N34 66 good 26 66 TGAAATCAATCAATACCTTCGCCATGTGGA Test Sample 99081 40 no hybridization 209 66 GACTATTAATGCAGCTAAAAGCACATTAAC Test sample 4491 75 good 27 66 AGCTAAAAGCACATTAACTAAATATGATGC Test sample 4491 75 no hybridization 210 66 TAATGCAGCTAAAAGCACATTAACTAATAT Test sample 4491 75 cross hybridization 211 66 TTAACTAAATATGATGCCCGTGAAATCAAT SAMPLE 4491 75 cross hybridization 212 66 TAATGCAGCTAAAAGCACATTAACTACATA Test sample 4491 20 cross hybridization 213 67 AAAAATCAGAGGCTACATACAAAAATGAAA PLASMID 200 waiting 214 67 TCTGAGGAAAAATCAGAGGCTACATACAAA PLASMID 200 good 28 68 ATTGTCCACTACTACAGACTCTACTGTACC none 45 no dna sample 29 69 ACTGTATCTGCACAATCTGCATCTGCCACT none 72 no dna sample 30 70 GTCTGCCTGCACCGAAACGGCCATACCTGC Test Sample 4190 47 good 31 71 ACCAAAACTGTTGAGTCTACATATAAAGCC none 73 no dna sample 32 72 CAGCTTCTAATTTTCGTGAGTATCTTCGCC PLASMID 51 good 33 72 CACAGCGTCCTCTGTATCAGAATATTACAG PLASMID 51 good 215 73 TAGGTACACAGGCTAGTAGCTCTACTACAA PLASMID 52 good 34 74 TAACATGACTGTGTGTGCTCCTACCTCACA Plasmid 54 good 35 74 CTCACAATCGCCTTCTGCTACATATAATAG PLASMID 54 no hybridization 216 81 CACAGCTACATCTGCTGCTGCAGAATACAA PLASMID 56 cross hybridization 217 81 TACTATTTGCACAGCTACATCTGCTGCTGC Plasmid 56 good 36 81 ATCTGCTGCTGCAGAATACAAGGCCTCTAA PLASMID 56 low hybridization 218 82 GCTGTTACTCCATCTGTTGCACAAACATTT PLASMID 61 good 37 83 CAGCTGCTGCTACACAGGCTAATGAATACA test sample 22038 74 no dna sample 38 84 GCTACCAACACCGAATCAGAATATAAACCT test sample 21A 17 no dna sample 39 85 TGCAACTACTAATCCAGTTCCATCTATATA none 19 no dna sample 40 86 CCCCTCTAAGTTTAATGAATATCTAAG none 20 cross hybridization 219 86 TAATTTTACTATTAGTGCCGCTACCCAGAA none 20 no dna sample 41 86 TCTGAATATGACCCCCTCTAAGTTTAATGA none 20 cross hybridization 220 86 CGCTACCCAGAAGGCCTCTGAATATGACCC none 20 cross hybridization 221 87 TGCCACTCAAACAACCACTGAATATGACCC none 62 cross hybridization 222 87 CAATTTTACTATTAGTGCTGCCACTCAAAC none 62 no dna sample 42 87 CACAAAGTTTAAGGAATATTTAAGGCA none 62 cross hybridization 223 87 AACAACCACTGAATATGACCCCACAAAGTT none 62 cross hybridization 224 89 GCTTCCCAGTCTGGCACAGAATAC none 23 good 43 89 CCGTAGTACCAACCTTACCATTTGTGCTGC none 23 cross hybridization 225 89 CATTTGTGCTGCTTCCCAGTCTGGCACAGA none 23 cross hybridization 226 90 CACCAATATGACTATTTGTGCCACACAAAC test sample 4015 83 no dna sample 44 90 CACACAAACACCCTCTGACACATACAAGGC test sample 4015 83 cross hybridization 227 91 TAACTTAACCTTGTGTGCATCCACTGAGTC test sample 50211  63 hybridizes with 89 45 91 CTACCTACTACATATGACAACACAAAGTTC find new dna 63 no hybridization  228 91 ATCCACTGAGTCTGTGCTACCTACTACATA find new dna 63 no hybridization  229 97 TTTAACACTGTGTGCTTCTACACAAAATGG PLASMID Fair 230 97 TCTACACAAAATGGCGTAGCTACCACATAT PLASMID good 46

TABLE 3 Probe Sequences Final list of probes for the detection  of 46 HPV types with the Luminex    Microsphere technology. SEQ ID HPV NO: TYPE OLIGO SEQUENCE 5′ TO 3′ 1 6 CATCTTCCACATACACCAATTCTGATTATA 2 11 ACTATGTGCATCTGTGTCTAAATCTGCTAC 3 13 GTGTGTGCAGCCACTACATCATCTCTTTCA 4 16 AAATATGTCATTATGTGCTGCCATATCTAC 5 18 ATATGTGCTTCTACACAGTCTCCTGTACCT 6 26 CCTTACCATTAGTACATTATCTGCAGCATC 7 30 ATCTGCAACCACACAAACGTTATCCACATA 8 31 CAATATGTCTGTTTGTGCTGCAATTGCAAA 9 32 ACTGTAACAACTGAAGACACATACAAGTCT 10 33 TAATATGACTTTATGCACACAAGTAACTAG 11 35 AAATATGTCTGTGTGTTCTGCTGTGTCTTC 12 39 ATCTACCTCTATAGAGTCTTCCATACCTTC 13 40 CTTATGTGCTGCCACACAGTCCCCCACACC 14 42 TCTGGTGATACATATACAGCTGCTAATTTT 15 43 AAACTTAACGTTATGTGCCTCTACTGACCC 16 44 AAACATGACAATATGTGCTGCCACTACACA 17 45 TAATTTAACATTATGTGCCTCTACACAAAA 18 51 GCCACTGCTGCGGTTTCCCCACATTTACTC 19 52 GACTTTATGTGCTGAGGTTAAAAAGGAAAG 20 53 CGCAACCACACAGTCTATGTCTACATATAA 21 54 ACAGCATCCACGCAGGATAGCTTTAATAAT 22 56 CATGACTATTAGTACTGCTACCAGAACAGT 23 58 ATGACATTATGCACTGAAGTAACTAAGGAA 24 59 CTTTCTGTGTGTGCTTCTACTACTTCTTCT 25 61 CATTTGTACTGCTACATCCCCCCCTGTATC 26 62 ACCGCCTCCACTGCTGCAGCAGAATACACG 27 66 GACTATTAATGCAGCTAAAAGCACATTAAC 28 67 TCTGAGGAAAAATCAGAGGCTACATACAAA 29 68 ATTGTCCACTACTACAGACTCTACTGTACC 30 69 ACTGTATCTGCACAATCTGCATCTGCCACT 31 70 GTCTGCCTGCACCGAAACGGCCATACCTGC 32 71 ACCAAAACTGTTGAGTCTACATATAAAGCC 33 72 CAGCTTCTAATTTTCGTGAGTATCTTCGCC 34 73 TAGGTACACAGGCTAGTAGCTCTACTACAA 35 74 TAACATGACTGTGTGTGCTCCTACCTCACA 36 81 TACTATTTGCACAGCTACATCTGCTGCTGC 37 82 GCTGTTACTCCATCTGTTGCACAAACATTT 38 83 CAGCTGCTGCTACACAGGCTAATGAATACA 39 84 GCTACCAACACCGAATCAGAATATAAACCT 40 85 TGCAACTACTAATCCAGTTCCATCTATATA 41 86 TAATTTTACTATTAGTGCCGCTACCCAGAA 42 87 CAATTTTACTATTAGTGCTGCCACTCAAAC 43 89 GCTTCCCAGTCTGGCACAGAATAC 44 90 CACCAATATGACTATTTGTGCCACACAAAC 45 91 TAACTTAACCTTGTGTGCATCCACTGAGTC 46 97 TCTACACAAAATGGCGTAGCTACCACATAT

TABLE 4 Determination of specificity and sensitivity of the 46   probes (columns) for hybridization with the   cognate HPV DNA amplified from cloned controls for each HPV type (rows). Sample HPV 6 HPV 11 HPV 13 HPV 16 HPV 18 HPV 26 HPV 30 HPV 6 2004 0 2 0 0 0 0 HPV 11 17 1445 −8 −7 57 5 −5 HPV 13 1 3 1061 1 −17 −12 8 HPV 16 0 0 0 3378 0 0 0 HPV 18 0 0 0 15 2802 0 0 HPV 26 0 5 0 0 0 1961 0 HPV 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 5008 HPV 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 33 3 0 0 6 0 0 0 HPV 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 44 -9 4 7 −16 15 5 2 HPV 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 52 5 14 3 −5 16 −4 −13 HPV 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sample HPV 6 HPV 11 HPV 13 HPV 16 HPV 18 HPV 26 HPV 30 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 62 −4 3 3 4 −16 −13 −17 HPV 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hpv 68 8 25 −7 1 −2 −15 23 HPV 69 8 −3 1 −15 7 −13 HPV 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 71 2 −9 17 9 6 −77 HPV 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 73 5 34 15 2 12 18 HPV 74 5 7 −1 3 −11 18 HPV 81 14 −5 −18 −18 −6 7 HPV 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 83 0 −11 −4 1 −19 −6 HPV 84 −10 −9 −6 10 −2 −2 HPV 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 86 7 6 13 32 −1 7 HPV 87 −9 5 −18 −6 13 −13 HPV 89 −5 10 5 4 3 −4 HPV 90 15 −11 9 13 2 −2 HPV 91 19 10 22 14 −2 1 HPV 97 −8 −5 −3 −1 12 7 Sample HPV 31 HPV 32 HPV 33 HPV 35 HPV 39 HPV 40 HPV 42 HPV 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 HPV 11 −23 1 −91 10 0 −13 −3 HPV 13 −45 −2 −106 −13 −6 13 −11 HPV 16 0 9 9 7 0 0 0 HPV 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 26 0 9 0 0 2 0 0 HPV 30 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 HPV 31 1168 0 27 0 11 0 0 HPV 32 0 2601 5 0 0 0 0 HPV 33 0 2 1083 0 0 0 2 HPV 35 0 0 13 2348 1 0 0 HPV 39 0 0 0 0 3554 0 0 HPV 40 0 0 0 0 0 4154 0 HPV 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 3689 HPV 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 44 −23 −4 12 0 −3 1 −7 HPV 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 51 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 HPV 52 4 11 −24 23 2 13 −13 HPV 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sample HPV 31 HPV 32 HPV 33 HPV 35 HPV 39 HPV 40 HPV 42 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 62 −10 −41 −6 7 0 −3 −4 HPV 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hpv 68 4 1 −62 −5 3 −11 3 HPV 69 −34 25 −56 0 4 3 2 HPV 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 71 −7 −58 −7 −9 13 12 −8 HPV 72 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 HPV 73 32 12 23 22 18 2 22 HPV 74 −4 −1 −40 −4 4 6 20 HPV 81 30 9 59 18 −3 1 34 HPV 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 83 −7 9 −46 7 −17 −3 14 HPV 84 −12 7 −4 9 18 7 −4 HPV 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 86 −15 23 −10 16 −3 1 12 HPV 87 −10 −7 −46 −13 7 3 6 HPV 89 −18 15 −5 −13 −5 2 −2 HPV 90 8 10 −6 33 0 32 43 HPV 91 17 3 8 −3 22 13 9 HPV 97 −2 4 −30 4 −4 −7 −2 Sample HPV 43 HPV 44 HPV 45 HPV 51 HPV 52 HPV 53 HPV 54 HPV 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 11 −15 −9 −19 15 −5 −7 −6 HPV 13 −6 −12 −14 −30 5 8 −11 HPV 16 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 18 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 HPV 26 9 0 0 18 0 0 0 HPV 30 0 6 14 0 0 0 6 HPV 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 33 4 0 0 8 0 0 0 HPV 35 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 43 3364 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 44 27 2068 −8 −31 0 14 2 HPV 45 0 0 1922 0 0 0 0 HPV 51 0 0 0 2884 0 0 0 HPV 52 0 6 22 −20 2429 −10 −5 HPV 53 0 0 0 0 0 2162 0 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 2755 Sample HPV 43 HPV 44 HPV 45 HPV 51 HPV 52 HPV 53 HPV 54 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 2755 HPV 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 62 12 0 −6 −5 1 −3 −19 HPV 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hpv 68 8 −12 −3 −14 −7 8 6 HPV 69 8 9 3 −1 2 0 27 HPV 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 71 −15 −10 11 −1 −10 1 −9 HPV 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 73 35 24 31 20 17 0 17 HPV 74 4 −3 −13 3 −3 5 −11 HPV 81 33 36 −12 7 −8 13 −10 HPV 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 83 −3 2 −14 −2 2 −9 4 HPV 84 4 −15 13 −22 −11 −16 11 HPV 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 86 6 391 10 26 19 24 4 HPV 87 14 −9 −12 5 12 10 −16 HPV 89 −1 6 3 −7 −11 −4 −4 HPV 90 5 19 −14 2 6 22 4 HPV 91 19 9 8 11 17 21 15 HPV 97 −12 10 9 3 28 1 2 HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV Sample 56 58 59 61 62 66 67 68 69 HPV 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 11 −3 14 2 −13 6 −4 5 −1    −10 HPV 13 10 −6  −15 −3 −11 −10 −19 16 −12 HPV 16 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 14 HPV 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 32 0 0 0 0 18 0 16 18 0 HPV 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 15 HPV 35 7 0 0 0 0 0 23 6 0 HPV 39 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 44 −13 −4 5 −8   −15 −12 −3 20 −9 HPV 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 52 −4 16 −5 −6 0 −5 −31  −3  5 HPV 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV Sample 56 58 59 61 62 66 67 68 69 HPV 56 1638 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 58 0 1874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 59 0 0 3405 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 61 0 0 0 3831 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 62 −11 −13 −6 2 2298 −2 −12 10 14 HPV 66 0 0 0 0 0 1258 0 0 0 HPV 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 1115 0 0 Hpv 68 6 −11 −18 15 −6 8 12 957 5 HPV 69 −10 7 −12 −1 −4 8 −8 21 1909 HPV 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 71 1  −3                    −1 −2 −17 20 −11 −19 −2 HPV 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 73 11 0 0 25 38 4 37 23 39 HPV 74 −10 −3 5 20 −4 3 15 8 1 HPV 81 −9 0 −27 3 −10 −10 47 47 4 HPV 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 83 15 −3 −9 9 −15 11 −6 8 2 HPV 84 −12 0 3 −2 1 −6 −16 17 −9 HPV 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 HPV 86 15 −2 −3 1 6 12 5 32 14 HPV 87 −7 −13 −8 −8 16 −13 7 31 3 HPV 89 −3 −3 −1 −5 4 15 7 7 −14 HPV 90 1 −6 2 11 6 5 −24 40 −10 HPV 91 11 3 −3 13 9 5 32 16 15 HPV 97 −3 −6 5 −16 −4 −9 −8 3 7 HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV Sample 70 71 72 73 74 81 82 83 HPV 6 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 HPV 11 −10 143 −10 2 −6 −9 −18  −6 HPV 13 0 −11 254 4 26 5 −12   −15 HPV 16 0 0 15 0 4 0 0 0 HPV 18 0 3 12 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 26 0 0 21 0 0 0 1 0 HPV 30 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 31 0 0 5 0 11 0 0 0 HPV 32 0 0 13 0 3 0 0 0 HPV 33 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 HPV 35 0 0 27 0 18 0 13 0 HPV 39 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 43 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 44 1 −18 −13 −7 −16 −15 −13 −13 HPV 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 52 −3 −16 147  6 3 41 −7 −3 HPV 53 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV Sample 70 71 72 73 74 81 82 83 HPV 56 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 61 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 62 3 −6 −119 −10 −7 0 −10 −9 HPV 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hpv 68 6 −6 −106 9 10 −9 3 3 HPV 69 17 −8 −131 −3 16 20 −17 −5 HPV 70 3971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 71 −5 1166 −229 −1 −17 −8 −3 −13 HPV 72 0 0 2213 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 73 23 18 20 1715 18 9 24 36 HPV 74 16 2 −127 −3 1044 −12 5 7 HPV 81 1 −16 115 −15 −14 2343 −10 −6 HPV 82 0 0 1 0 0 0 2259 0 HPV 83 −12 −11 −142 6 −6 −5 5 2625 HPV 84 12 −15 −82 −12 3 10 −2 11 HPV 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 86 6 28 −115 5 −2 8 8 2 HPV 87 −3 −8 −183 −1 7 14 4 2 HPV 89 6 −7 −68 −14 3 −5 0 −17 HPV 90 −16 3 −122 1 −4 6 −6 20 HPV 91 9 23 −51 16 9 7 17 −9 HPV 97 −4 −1 −73 2 −11 −7 −10 16 HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV Sample 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 97 HPV 6 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 17 HPV 11 4 −9 −9 −3  −16 1 0 23 HPV 13 −8 −3 18 1 −12 2 1 28 HPV 16 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 28 HPV 18 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 −4 HPV 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 HPV 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 HPV 31 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 14 HPV 32 0 14 0 0 0 0 9 28 HPV 33 16 0 0 4 0 0 0 24 HPV 35 0 8 0 0 0 5 0 24 HPV 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 HPV 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 HPV 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 HPV 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 HPV 44 −4 8 11 −4 513 −5 8 28 HPV 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HPV 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 HPV 52 −9 5 23 8 −6 7 −2 −8 HPV 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 HPV 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV HPV Sample 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 97 HPV 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −25 HPV 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 HPV 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  −22 HPV 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −21 HPV 62 21 −15 −12 −4 2 −5 29 −20 HPV 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −7 HPV 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −5 Hpv 68 4 −11 −4 −5 −2 2 0 −11 HPV 69 8 4 −6 −1 11 −8 6 −28 HPV 70 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 HPV 71 10 −13 −4 −19 4 −18 −5 10 HPV 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −13 HPV 73 14 15 24 9 4 36 27 −12 HPV 74 −7 −7 7 3 12 0 19 1 HPV 81 −20 −7 4 5 −3 7 −9 −18 HPV 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −14 HPV 83 19 −17 6 6 −1 15 8 −7 HPV 84 2194 19 0 15 −13 −5 −15 −16 HPV 85 0 4605 0 0 0 0 0 −17 HPV 86 18 5 1720 35 12 13 2 −10 HPV 87 −3 −1 8 1828 12 7 1 0 HPV 89 9 12 −13 −10 3998 −27 1 −19 HPV 90 13 7 15 16 23 3613 5 −13 HPV 91 −8 6 14 21 24 31 2264 −16 HPV 97 6 2 −20 −3 −3 −7 −11 1267

TABLE 5 Comparison of NML Luminex with direct sequencing for detection of any HPV type Direct sequencing NML Luminex Negative Positive Totals Positive 14 429 442 Negative 348 5 353 Totals 361 434 795

TABLE 6 Distribution of HPV types as detected by NML Luminex and direct sequencing NML LUMINEX Direct Sequencing % of % of HPV % of positive % of positive type n types samples n types samples 6 43 7.5% 5.4% 39 4.9% 4.9% 11 12 2.1% 1.5% 11 1.4% 1.4% 13 0 0.0% 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.0% 16 87 15.1% 10.9% 68 8.6% 8.6% 18 26 4.5% 3.3% 15 1.9% 1.9% 26 0 0.0% 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.0% 30 2 0.3% 0.3% 0 0.0% 0.0% 31 29 5.0% 3.6% 29 3.7% 3.6% 32 3 0.5% 0.4% 2 0.3% 0.3% 33 11 1.9% 1.4% 14 1.8% 1.8% 35 8 1.4% 1.0% 2 0.3% 0.3% 39 22 3.8% 2.8% 16 2.0% 2.0% 40 9 1.6% 1.1% 5 0.6% 0.6% 42 13 2.3% 1.6% 5 0.6% 0.6% 43 0 0.0% 0.0% 1 0.1% 0.1% 44 3 0.5% 0.4% 1 0.1% 0.1% 45 12 2.1% 1.5% 10 1.3% 1.3% 51 16 2.8% 2.0% 9 1.1% 1.1% 52 33 5.7% 4.2% 17 2.1% 2.1% 53 25 4.3% 3.1% 12 1.5% 1.5% 54 11 1.9% 1.4% 8 1.0% 1.0% 56 10 1.7% 1.3% 4 0.5% 0.5% 58 28 4.9% 3.5% 25 3.2% 3.1% 59 11 1.9% 1.4% 5 0.6% 0.6% 61 7 1.2% 0.9% 1 0.1% 0.1% 62 26 4.5% 3.3% 17 2.1% 2.1% 66 39 6.8% 4.9% 30 3.8% 3.8% 67 7 1.2% 0.9% 8 1.0% 1.0% 68 2 0.3% 0.3% 4 0.5% 0.5% 69 3 0.5% 0.4% 2 0.3% 0.3% 70 11 1.9% 1.4% 10 1.3% 1.3% 71 3 0.5% 0.4% 0 0.0% 0.0% 72 5 0.9% 0.6% 4 0.5% 0.5% 73 5 0.9% 0.6% 3 0.4% 0.4% 74 1 0.2% 0.1% 0 0.0% 0.0% 81 8 1.4% 1.0% 6 0.8% 0.8% 82 7 1.2% 0.9% 5 0.6% 0.6% 83 11 1.9% 1.4% 5 0.6% 0.6% 84 12 2.1% 1.5% 1 0.1% 0.1% 85 2 0.3% 0.3% 2 0.3% 0.3% 86 1 0.2% 0.1% 1 0.1% 0.1% 87 2 0.3% 0.3% 3 0.4% 0.4% 89 8 1.4% 1.0% 4 0.5% 0.5% 90 3 0.5% 0.4% 1 0.1% 0.1% 91 1 0.2% 0.1% 0 0.0% 0.0% 102 N/A N/A N/A 2 0.3% 0.3%

TABLE 7 Comparison of NML Luminex vs Roche linear array for detection of samples positive for any HPV type. Roche Linear Array NML Luminex Negative Positive Totals Positive 46 394 440 Negative 424 16 440 Totals 470 410 880

TABLE 8 Comparison between NML Luminex and Roche Linear array in the ability to detect multiple HPV infections. NML Roche Linear Luminex Array Positive for any type 435 405 Total HPV types detected 917 1111 Single infections 200 156 Multiple infections 235 249 2 types 122 87 3 types 49 59 4+ types 64 103

TABLE 9 Comparison of HPV type distribution as detected by NML Luminex and the Roche Linear Array method. Roche NML Luminex Linear Array n % n % HPV06 48 5.2% 49 4.4% HPV11 39 4.3% 45 4.1% HPV13* 0 0.0% HPV16 136 14.8% 137 12.3% HPV18 47 5.1% 41 3.7% HPV26 0 0.0% 3 0.3% HPV30* 2 0.2% HPV31 31 3.4% 48 4.3% HPV32* 11 1.2% HPV33 15 1.6% 16 1.4% HPV35 30 3.3% 23 2.1% HPV39 27 2.9% 39 3.5% HPV40 10 1.1% 8 0.7% HPV42 30 3.3% 38 3.4% HPV43* 3 0.3% HPV44 11 1.2% 16 1.4% HPV45 34 3.7% 30 2.7% HPV51 31 3.4% 57 5.1% HPV52** 26 2.8% 74 6.7% HPV53** 25 2.7% 53 4.8% HPV54 14 1.5% 21 1.9% HPV56 34 3.7% 29 2.6% HPV58 27 2.9% 30 2.7% HPV59 31 3.4% 44 4.0% HPV61** 10 1.1% 27 2.4% HPV62 14 1.5% 30 2.7% HPV66 38 4.1% 38 3.4% HPV67** 19 2.1% 6 0.5% HPV68 13 1.4% 21 1.9% HPV69 9 1.0% 9 0.8% HPV70 30 3.3% 29 2.6% HPV71 1 0.1% 1 0.1% HPV72 7 0.8% 12 1.1% HPV73** 6 0.7% 18 1.6% HPV74* 12 1.3% HPV81 12 1.3% 12 1.1% HPV82 4 0.4% 11 1.0% HPV83 12 1.3% 18 1.6% HPV84** 18 2.0% 39 3.5% HPV85* 5 0.5% HPV86* 11 1.2% HPV87 4 0.4% HPV89** 18 2.0% 38 3.4% HPV90* 12 1.3% HPV91* 0 0.0% *Type not detected by the Roche Linear Array **Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05)

TABLE 10 Comparison of HPV type distribution as detected by NML Luminex and the Roche Linear Array method when multiple infections with 4 or more types are excluded. NML Roche Luminex Linear Array Strain n % n % HPV06 26 4.9% 23 4.3% HPV11 26 4.9% 30 5.6% HPV13* 0 0 HPV16 86 16.1%  90 16.9%  HPV18 24 4.5% 17 3.2% HPV26 0   0% 0   0% HPV30* 1 0.2% HPV31 24 4.5% 25 4.7% HPV32* 5 0.9% 0 0.0% HPV33 7 1.3% 5 0.9% HPV35 14 2.6% 8 1.5% HPV39 15 2.8% 16 3.0% HPV40 8 1.5% 4 0.7% HPV42 21 3.9% 21 3.9% HPV43* 2 0.4% HPV44 9 1.7% 5 0.9% HPV45 12 2.2% 8 1.5% HPV51 23 4.3% 29 5.4% HPV52** 15 2.8% 34 6.4% HPV53 19 3.6% 25 4.7% HPV54 10 1.9% 12 2.2% HPV56 20 3.7% 11 2.1% HPV58 14 2.6% 11 2.1% HPV59 11 2.1% 16 3.0% HPV61 6 1.1% 14 2.6% HPV62 10 1.9% 16 3.0% HPV66 21 3.9% 19 3.6% HPV67** 10 1.9% 2 0.4% HPV68 9 1.7% 8 1.5% HPV69 5 0.9% 5 0.9% HPV70 15 2.8% 12 2.2% HPV71 0   0% HPV72 4 0.7% 6 1.1% HPV73 4 0.7% 9 1.7% HPV74* 7 1.3% 0 0.0% HPV81 4 0.7% 3 0.6% HPV82 2 0.4% 4 0.7% HPV83 8 1.5% 10 1.9% HPV84 10 1.9% 17 3.2% HPV85* 2 0.4% HPV86* 5 0.9% HPV87 1 0.2% HPV89 11 2.1% 18 3.4% HPV90* 9 1.7% HPV91* 0   0% 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of detecting and typing a human papillomavirus (HPV) type infection in a sample comprising: a) providing a sample suspected of comprising at least one HPV type; b) adding to the sample primers suitable for amplifying the L1 region of HPV; c) incubating the sample under conditions suitable for DNA amplification; d) adding a probe consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:46, said probe binding to only HPV type 97 under hybridization conditions, said probe further comprising a unique tag, said unique tag comprising a combination of two fluorescent dyes; e) incubating said probe and said sample under conditions suitable for hybridization; and f) detecting hybridization of said probe.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the unique tag is a combination of different ratios of red and infra-red fluorophores.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the primers comprise GP5+/GP6+.
 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the primers comprise GP5+/GP6+ and MY09/MY11.
 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the primers is exonuclease resistant.
 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein exonuclease is added prior to step (d). 